State Lottery A game of chance operated by a state government. Generally a lottery offers a person the chance to win a prize in exchange for something of lesser value. Most lotteries offer a large cash prize, and the chance to win the cash prize is typically available for one dollar. Play Set For Life for a chance at $4,000 per month for 25 years! Line up your tiles with new SCRABBLE™ Scratchers. Sparks fly with Electric 8's multipliers and bonus spots. 200X Scratchers® is big time fun with a top prize of $10,000,000. Pick them up today at your local Lottery retailer. See all Scratchers.

1. Top prize is $1,000 a day for life!
2. Monday, February 8. Grand Canyon Conservancy and Arizona Lottery Announce $100,000 Gives Back Sponsorship to Help Transform Desert View into an Inter-tribal Cultural Heritage Site. Thursday, December 24. Voices for CASA Children Receives $5,000 to Boost Holiday Spirits for Foster Youth.
3. The Mississippi Lottery offers fun and excitement with Powerball®, Mega Millions®, scratch-off games, big prizes and big winners. Look no further for info about our games, becoming a retailer, lotto numbers or upcoming Mississippi Lottery events.

Isaac von Sinclair (3 October 1775 – 29 April 1815) was a German writer and diplomat. He was a friend of the poet Friedrich Hölderlin.

Life[edit]

Youth[edit]

Born in Homburg vor der Höhe in 1775, he came from a family of Scottish ancestry whose surname of Sinclair or St. Clair indicates Anglo-Norman origins, linking it to the Clan Sinclair and Castle Sinclair Girnigoe. His father Alexander von Sinclair was a lawyer and had studied from 1733 in Jena^[1][2][3] before moving to Bad Homburg in April 1752 to become tutor to three-year-old Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.

Alexander died in 1778, when Isaac was only three - from then on he was educated with Frederick V's younger children.^[3] He studied law from 1792 to 1793 at University of Tübingen^[4] and from 1793 to 1795 at University of Jena.

Friendship with Hölderlin[edit]

Hölderlin and von Sinclair first met in May 1794 during their studies in Jena, possibly even in Johann Gottlieb Fichte's philosophy lectures, and together they joined the Harmonistenorden student order.^[5] He was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, was close to some of the members of the 'Gesellschaft der freien Männer' and participated in one of the then-frequent students tumults. In 1796 von Sinclair entered the civil service of the landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg,^[2] but kept in touch with Hölderlin, giving him friendly support.

Hölderlin included von Sinclair in his 1797-99 novel Hyperion as the character Alabanda, whilst his poem An Eduard (To Eduard, 1800-04) elaborated on the revolutionary brotherhood between the two men. After leaving the Gontard household in Frankfurt am Main, Hölderlin came to Homburg at the end of September 1798 and stayed until June 1799. He was invited back to Homburg by von Sinclair in June 1804 after the death of Susette Gontard and gained him a post as court librarian. ^[6]

Trial[edit]

To remedy its parlous state finances, Frederick V wanted to set up a state lottery and so engaged the financier Alexander Blankenstein, backed by von Sinclair. However, von Sinclair later changed his mind and tried to expose Blankenstein's deceptions and take action against him - in response Blankenstein accused von Sinclair of treason to Frederick, Elector of Württemberg, long an enemy of the estates.

Blankenstein appealed to a round-table discussion in June 1804 in Stuttgart, also attended by von Sinclair and Christian Friedrich Baz, mayor of Ludwigsburg and one of the radical leaders in Württemberg's estates general. Blankenstein afterwards claimed that there was a plot afoot to assassinate the Elector at the meeting and start a revolution. Von Sinclair was a subject of Hesse-Homburg not Württemberg, but the Elector gained Frederick V's permission to arrest him and so he was taken to Württemberg on 26 February 1805 and imprisoned.

A commission tried von Sinclair, Baz and other alleged conspirators. Hölderlin was also in danger of being tried but was declared mentally unfit to stand trial. Müller, a doctor and court-apothecary from Homburg, stated on 9 April 1805 that Holderlein's madness had worsened, that he repeatedly said 'I don't want to be a Jacobin!' and that he had made serious accusations against von Sinclair. The trial finally showed that some things had been said in anger against the elector at the meeting but no actual revolution had been planned. Von Sinclair was thus released on 9 July 1805 and sent back to Homburg a free man. Soon afterwards, on 11 September 1805, Hölderlin was delivered into the clinic at Tübingen run by Dr. Johann Heinrich Ferdinand von Autenrieth.^[7]

Diplomacy, writing and death[edit]

Von Sinclair represented the interests of Hesse-Homburg and Frederick V on several diplomatic missions, as well as frequently chairing cabinet meetings. In late autumn 1805 he was sent to the Prussian court in Berlin and stayed with his mother in the home of Charlotte von Kalb. His enthusiasm for revolutionary ideals had already cooled and there he came into contact with anti-Napoleonic and anti-French figures. He increasingly advocated a return to the pre-revolutionary Holy Roman Empire led by the nobility. Already strained by the events of the trial, his friendship with Hölderlin also came to an end. In August 1806 von Sinclair informed Hölderlin's mother that he could no longer look after him, since Homburg was about to be mediatised. On 11 September 1806 its mediatisation was completed, upon which Hölderlin was taken to Tübingen to assist at the university hospital, then run by Johann Heinrich Ferdinand Autenrieth.^{[citation needed]}

Von Sinclair also became much more active as a writer in order to express his new political ideas, contributing to journals and publishing his own poems. In 1806-07, under the pseudonym 'Crisalin', he wrote a play about the Camisards' revolt against French central authority, using it as an exemplar for Germany's own struggle against Napoleon - the same theme was later also taken up by Ludwig Tieck. He also wrote two extensive philosophical works - Wahrheit und Gewißheit (Truth and Certainty) in 1811-13 and Versuch einer durch Metaphysik begründeten Physik (An Attempt at a Physics Grounded in Metaphysics) in 1813. He backed German states fighting Napoleon in 1812-1814, became increasingly religious and was also in contact with Hegel. However, von Sinclair's own poems and philosophical works gained little notice during his lifetime and were forgotten soon after his death.^{[citation needed]}

It was partly down to his efforts that the state was un-mediatised at the Congress of Vienna. There he became a member of the nobility association 'Kette'. He was largely able to implement Hesse-Homburg's concerns and wished to fight in the Hundred Days against Napoleon following the latter's escape from Elba on 1 March 1815. His mother died on 20 April 1815, possibly exacerbating his own bad health - he had already suffered several strokes before 1815 and a final one on 29 April that year killed him while he was in a brothel in Vienna. The exact circumstances of his death were uncertain for a long while, since its insalubrious location necessitated a cover-up.^{[citation needed]}

Works[edit]

• Wahrheit und Gewißheit. Erster Band, Berlin 1811. Christoph Binkelmann (ed.), Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN978-3-7728-2521-7.^[8]

Cultural depictions[edit]

In her 1840 epistolary novel Die Günderode, Bettina von Arnim includes long passages about von Sinclair, calling him 'St Clair'.

Bibliography (in German)[edit]

• Friedrich Otto (1892), 'Sinclair, Isaak v', Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 34, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 387–389
• Werner Kirchner: Der Hochverratsprozeß gegen Sinclair. Ein Beitrag zum Leben Hölderlins. Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1969
• Ursula Brauer: Alexander Adam von Sinclaire, Die Erziehungsakten für Friedrich V. Ludwig von Hessen-Homburg. Gutachten und Berichte über eine Fürstenerziehung – Fragmente eines Fürstenspiegels (1752–1766), in: Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte und Landeskunde zu Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, vol. 42 (1993), 27–92
• Ursula Brauer: Isaac von Sinclair. Eine Biographie. Stuttgart 1993 (Klett-Cotta), ISBN3-608-91009-3.
• Ursula Brauer: Zur Vorgeschichte von Hölderlins zweitem Homburger Aufenthalt (1804–1806): Der Briefwechsel zwischen seiner Mutter und Isaac von Sinclair, in: MittVGBadHomburg 44, 1995, 65–89
• Ursula Brauer: Friedrich Hölderlin und Isaac von Sinclair. Stationen einer Freundschaft, in: Uwe Beyer, Hrsg., Hölderlin. Lesarten seines Lebens, Dichtens und Denkens, Würzburg 1997, 19–48
• Hannelore Hegel: Isaak von Sinclair zwischen Fichte, Hölderlin und Hegel. Ein Beitrag zur Entstehungsgeschichte der idealistischen Philosophie. Frankfurt am Main 1999 (2)
• Ursula Brauer (2006). 'Isaac von Sinclair'. In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 26. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1372–1389. ISBN3-88309-354-8.
• Ursula Brauer (2010), 'Sinclair, Isaac Freiherr von (Pseudonym Crisalin)', Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 24, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 455–456; (full text online)
• Literature by and about Isaac von Sinclair in the German National Library catalogue

References[edit]

1. ^Sinclair, Alexander Adam von bei: deutsche-biographie.de
2. ^ ^abFriedrich Otto (1892), 'Sinclair, Isaak von', Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 34, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 387–389
3. ^ ^abUrsula Brauer (2010), 'Sinclair, Isaac Freiherr von (Pseudonym Crisalin)', Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 24, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 455–456; (full text online)
4. ^(in German) Johann Kreuzer (ed.): Hölderlin-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar 2002, ISBN978-3-476-01704-8, p. 39
5. ^(in German) Karl Hoede: Burschen heraus. Zur Erinnerung an den Ursprung der alten Burschenherrlichkeit. Frankfurt am Main 1962, p. 55.
6. ^http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/H%C3%B6lderlin,+Friedrich/Gedichte/Gedichte+1800-1804/%5BOden%5D/An+Eduard+%5BErste+Fassung%5D
7. ^Friedrich Hölderlin: Selected Poems. Trans. David Constantine. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe, 1990; 2ed 1996) ISBN1-85224-378-3, page 299
8. ^Dirk Pilz: Am Anfang ist der Zweifel. Rezension in Frankfurter Rundschau v. 23. November 2015

In the United States, lotteries are run by 48 jurisdictions: 45 states plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Lotteries are subject to the laws of and operated independently by each jurisdiction, and there is no national lottery organization. However, consortiums of state lotteries jointly organize games spanning larger geographical footprints, which in turn, carry larger jackpots. Two major lottery games, Mega Millions and Powerball, are both offered in nearly all jurisdictions that operate lotteries, and serve as de facto national lotteries.

In fiscal 2018, Americans spent $77.7 billion on various lotteries, up about $5 billion from 2017.^[1]

History[edit]

Historian Neal Millikan using newspaper advertisements in the colonial era found at least 392 lotteries were held in the 13 colonies.^[2]

Lotteries were used not only as a form of entertainment but as a source of revenue to help fund the colonies. The financiers of Jamestown, Virginia, for instance, funded lotteries to raise money to support their colony.^[3] These lotteries were quite sophisticated for the time period and even included instant winners.^[3] Not long after, each of the 13 original colonies established a lottery system to raise revenue.^[3]

In the early post-independence era, legislators commonly authorized lotteries to fund schools, roads, bridges, and other public works.^[4] Evangelical reformers in the 1830s began denouncing lotteries on moral grounds and petitioned legislatures and constitutional conventions to ban them.^[5] Recurring lottery scandals and a general backlash against legislative corruption following the Panic of 1837 also contributed to anti-lottery sentiments.^[5] From 1844 to 1859 alone, 10 new state constitutions contained lottery bans.^[5] By 1890, lotteries were prohibited in every state except Delaware and Louisiana.^[6]

Lotteries in the United States did not always have sterling reputations. One early lottery in particular, the National Lottery, which was passed by Congress for the beautification of Washington, D.C. and was administered by the municipal government, was the subject of a major U.S. Supreme Court decision – Cohens v. Virginia.^[7]

The lottery never paid out,^{[3][clarification needed]} and it brought to light the prevalent issue of crookedness amongst the lotteries in the United States. The wave of anti-lottery protests finally broke through when, by 1860, all states had prohibited lotteries except Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky.^[3] The scarcity of lotteries in the United States meant that tickets were shipped across the country and eventually led to the creation of illegal lotteries.^[3] In 1868, after years of illegal operation, the Louisiana State Lottery Company obtained a 25-year charter for its state lottery system.^[3] The charter was passed by the Legislature due to immense bribing from a criminal syndicate in New York.^[3] The Louisiana Lottery Company derived 90% of its revenue from tickets sold across state borders.^[3] These continued issues of corruption led to the complete prohibition of lotteries in the United States by 1895.^[3] It was discovered that the promoters of the Louisiana Lottery Company had accrued immense sums of money from illegitimate sources and that the Legislature was riddled with bribery.^[3] Before the advent of government-sponsored lotteries, many illegal lotteries thrived, such as number games.

How To Win The State Lottery

Modern era[edit]

The first modern government-run US lottery was established in Puerto Rico in 1934.^[8] This was followed, decades later, by the New Hampshire lottery in 1964.Instant lottery tickets, also known as scratch cards, were introduced in the 1970s and have become a major source of lottery revenue. Individual lotteries often feature three-digit and four-digit games akin to numbers games; a five number game, and a six number game (the latter two often have a jackpot.) Some lotteries also offer at least one game similar to keno, and some offer video lottery terminals. Presently, many US lotteries support public education systems.

As of November 2019, lotteries are established in 45 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands; the most recent U.S. state to legalize a lottery is Mississippi, with lottery commission members receiving appointments on October 19, 2018.^[9]

The first U.S. multi-state lottery game was formed in 1985 in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; its flagship game remains Tri-State Megabucks. In 1988, the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL) was formed with Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Oregon, Rhode Island, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia as its charter members; it is best known for Powerball, which was designed to create large jackpots. Another joint lottery, The Big Game (now called Mega Millions) was formed in 1996 by six lotteries as its charter members.

As of October 2020, each of the 44 state lotteries offer both Mega Millions and Powerball as a result of a 2009 agreement between the Mega Millions consortium and MUSL to cross-license their game to one another's members, although the two organizations continue to administer Mega Millions and Powerball separately. Mississippi was the most recent to join both, beginning sales in January 2020. Puerto Rico is the only jurisdiction not to offer both, as they do not offer Mega Millions.

State revenues[edit]

State lotteries have become a significant source of revenue for states, raising $17.6 billion in profits for state budgets in the 2009 fiscal year (FY) with 11 states collecting more revenue from their state lottery than from their state corporate income tax during FY2009.^[10]

Lottery policies within states can have conflicting goals.^[11] Given that instructions are passed down from state legislatures, lottery implementation is often expected to be carried out with reduced advertising and funding while still producing the same amount of revenue.^[11] This issue led states to look for loopholes in the system. Massachusetts, for example, had its advertising budget dramatically cut, and therefore started using free-play coupons as money to pay for advertising.^[11] This led to an IRS investigation into alleged non-reporting of income because the IRS considered the coupons to have monetary value.^[11]

States with no lotteries[edit]

Among the states that do not have lotteries, Alabama and Utah cite religious objections.^[12]Nevada's lucrative gambling industry has lobbied against a state lottery there, fearing the competition;^[13] similarly, the Mississippi Gaming Commission expressed concern that a state lottery would constitute a 'competing force' for gambling dollars spent at Mississippi casinos. Despite this, in August 2018, Mississippi passed legislation to create a state lottery. GovernorPhil Bryant expressed his support for the lottery to fund transportation in the state and has indicated he will sign the bill. Sales, initially only scratch tickets, began on November 25, 2019. Mega Millions and Powerball tickets became available to the state on January 30, 2020.^[14]

Alaska and Hawaii, being outside the contiguous United States, have not felt the pressure of losing sales to competitors.^[12] However in February 2020, Alaska's governor Mike Dunleavy introduced legislation proposing the establishment of an Alaska Lottery Corporation, as part of an effort to overcome a budgetary deficit.^[15]

New technologies[edit]

In recent years, new applications such as Lottery.com and Jackpocket were created for people to purchase lotteries over their smartphones.^[16]

U.S. lotteries[edit]

Key

2by2 = 2by2
C4L = Cash4Life
LA = Lotto America
LFL = Lucky for Life
TSM = Tri-State Megabucks consortium
0 = only multi-jurisdictional games are Mega Millions and/or Powerball

Other joint U.S. lotteries[edit]

These games also are offered by multiple lotteries.^[17] Some of these games feature a shared progressive jackpot (noted by °):

State Lottery In India

• 2by2 (3 lotteries): Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota
• Cash4Life (9): Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia
• Lotto America° (13): Delaware, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, West Virginia
• Lucky for Life (26): Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, Wyoming
• Tri-State Lottery (Megabucks Plus°, Pick 3 (Day & Night), Pick 4 (Day & Night), Fast Play°): Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Horton, Alex (October 18, 2018). 'How Mega Millions and Powerball changed the odds to create monster jackpots'. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
2. ^Millikan, Neal (2011). Lotteries in Colonial America. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN9781136674464.
3. ^ ^abcdefghijkRoger Dunstan (January 1997). 'History of Gambling in the United States'. Archived from the original on September 10, 2010.
4. ^McMaster, John Bach (1911). A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War. Appleton and Company. p. 588.
5. ^ ^abcSzymanski, Ann-Marie E. (2003). Pathways to Prohibition: Radicals, Moderates, and Social Movement Outcomes. Duke University Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN978-0-8223-3169-8.
6. ^John Houston Merrill; Charles Frederic Williams; Thomas Johnson Michie; David Shephard Garland (1890). The American and English Encyclopædia of Law: Least to Mail. Edward Thompson Company. p. 1172.
7. ^Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall: Definer Of A Nation, New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1996, pp. 456-459
8. ^'Ley Núm. 74 de 2006 -Ley del Programa de Ayuda a Jugadores Compulsivos de Puerto'. Lexjuris.com. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
9. ^Howard, Morgan. 'Gov. Bryant appoints MS Lottery Corporation board of directors'. wlox.com. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
10. ^'U.S. lotteries and the state taxman'. Reuters. July 15, 2011.
11. ^ ^abcdNGISC (August 3, 1999). 'National Gambling Impact Study Commission Lotteries'.
12. ^ ^ab'Five states that don't have lotteries'. Playport. July 30, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
13. ^'Knowing Vegas: Why doesn't Nevada have a state lottery?'. Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 11, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
14. ^'Mississippi lottery bill passes House, headed to governor'. WAPT. Associated Press. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
15. ^Maguire, Sean. 'Governor proposes independent corporation to run an Alaska lottery'. ktuu.com. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
16. ^'Jackpocket App Allows You to Buy Lottery Tickets Using Your Phone'. ABC News. September 29, 2015.
17. ^'Games'. Multi-State Lottery Association. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2016.

State Of Lottery Michigan

Further reading[edit]

• Dasgupta, Anisha S. 'Public Finance and the Fortunes of the Early American Lottery.' QLR 24 (2005): 227+ Online
• Millikan, Neal. Lotteries in Colonial America (2011). excerpt
• Watson, Alan D. 'The Lottery in Early North Carolina.' North Carolina Historical Review 69.4 (1992): 365-387. Online